Dynamic Reconfiguration of Electrodes in an Active Stylus

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a method includes identifying a change in an operating characteristic of a stylus. The stylus is operable to communicate wirelessly with a device through a touch sensor of the device, and the stylus includes one or more electrodes. The method includes, in response to the change, dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/553114, filed 28 Oct. 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to touch-position sensors.

BACKGROUND

A touch sensor may detect the presence and location of a touch or the proximity of an object (such as a user's finger or a stylus) within a touch-sensitive area of the touch sensor overlaid on a display screen, for example. In a touch-sensitive-display application, the touch sensor may enable a user to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touch pad. A touch sensor may be attached to or provided as part of a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, satellite navigation device, portable media player, portable game console, kiosk computer, point-of-sale device, or other suitable device. A control panel on a household or other appliance may include a touch sensor.

There are a number of different types of touch sensors, such as, for example, resistive touch screens, surface acoustic wave touch screens, and capacitive touch screens. Herein, reference to a touch sensor may encompass a touch screen, and vice versa, where appropriate. When an object touches or comes within proximity of the surface of the capacitive touch screen, a change in capacitance may occur within the touch screen at the location of the touch or proximity. A touch-sensor controller may process the change in capacitance to determine its position on the touch screen.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example touch sensor with an example touch-sensor controller.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example active stylus exterior.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example active stylus interior.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example active stylus with touch sensor device.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 5B illustrates a head-on view of an example multi-electrode active-stylus tip.

FIG. 6A illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 6B illustrates a head-on view of an example multi-electrode active-stylus tip.

FIG. 6C illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 6D illustrates a head-on view of an example multi-electrode active-stylus tip.

FIG. 7A illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 7B illustrates a head-on view of an example multi-electrode active-stylus tip.

FIG. 7C illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 7D illustrates a head-on view of an example multi-electrode active-stylus tip.

FIG. 8A illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 8B illustrates an example multi-electrode active stylus tip.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example system for adjusting a received signal threshold in an active stylus.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method for adjusting a received signal threshold in an active stylus.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example method for dynamically reconfiguring electrodes in an active stylus.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example touch sensor 10 with an example touch-sensor controller 12. Touch sensor 10 and touch-sensor controller 12 may detect the presence and location of a touch or the proximity of an object within a touch-sensitive area of touch sensor 10. Herein, reference to a touch sensor may encompass both the touch sensor and its touch-sensor controller, where appropriate. Similarly, reference to a touch-sensor controller may encompass both the touch-sensor controller and its touch sensor, where appropriate. Touch sensor 10 may include one or more touch-sensitive areas, where appropriate. Touch sensor 10 may include an array of drive and sense electrodes (or an array of electrodes of a single type) disposed on one or more substrates, which may be made of a dielectric material. Herein, reference to a touch sensor may encompass both the electrodes of the touch sensor and the substrate(s) that they are disposed on, where appropriate. Alternatively, where appropriate, reference to a touch sensor may encompass the electrodes of the touch sensor, but not the substrate(s) that they are disposed on.

An electrode (whether a ground electrode, guard electrode, drive electrode, or sense electrode) may be an area of conductive material forming a shape, such as for example a disc, square, rectangle, thin line, other suitable shape, or suitable combination of these. One or more cuts in one or more layers of conductive material may (at least in part) create the shape of an electrode, and the area of the shape may (at least in part) be bounded by those cuts. In particular embodiments, the conductive material of an electrode may occupy approximately 100% of the area of its shape. As an example and not by way of limitation, an electrode may be made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and the ITO of the electrode may occupy approximately 100% of the area of its shape (sometimes referred to as a 100% fill), where appropriate. In particular embodiments, the conductive material of an electrode may occupy substantially less than 100% of the area of its shape. As an example and not by way of limitation, an electrode may be made of fine lines of metal or other conductive material (FLM), such as for example copper, silver, or a copper- or silver-based material, and the fine lines of conductive material may occupy approximately 5% of the area of its shape in a hatched, mesh, or other suitable pattern. Herein, reference to FLM encompasses such material, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular electrodes made of particular conductive material forming particular shapes with particular fill percentages having particular patterns, this disclosure contemplates any suitable electrodes made of any suitable conductive material forming any suitable shapes with any suitable fill percentages having any suitable patterns.

Where appropriate, the shapes of the electrodes (or other elements) of a touch sensor may constitute in whole or in part one or more macro-features of the touch sensor. One or more characteristics of the implementation of those shapes (such as, for example, the conductive materials, fills, or patterns within the shapes) may constitute in whole or in part one or more micro-features of the touch sensor. One or more macro-features of a touch sensor may determine one or more characteristics of its functionality, and one or more micro-features of the touch sensor may determine one or more optical features of the touch sensor, such as transmittance, refraction, or reflection.

A mechanical stack may contain the substrate (or multiple substrates) and the conductive material forming the drive or sense electrodes of touch sensor 10. As an example and not by way of limitation, the mechanical stack may include a first layer of optically clear adhesive (OCA) beneath a cover panel. The cover panel may be clear and made of a resilient material suitable for repeated touching, such as for example glass, polycarbonate, or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This disclosure contemplates any suitable cover panel made of any suitable material. The first layer of OCA may be disposed between the cover panel and the substrate with the conductive material forming the drive or sense electrodes. The mechanical stack may also include a second layer of OCA and a dielectric layer (which may be made of PET or another suitable material, similar to the substrate with the conductive material forming the drive or sense electrodes). As an alternative, where appropriate, a thin coating of a dielectric material may be applied instead of the second layer of OCA and the dielectric layer. The second layer of OCA may be disposed between the substrate with the conductive material making up the drive or sense electrodes and the dielectric layer, and the dielectric layer may be disposed between the second layer of OCA and an air gap to a display of a device including touch sensor 10 and touch-sensor controller 12. As an example only and not by way of limitation, the cover panel may have a thickness of approximately 1 mm; the first layer of OCA may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm; the substrate with the conductive material forming the drive or sense electrodes may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm; the second layer of OCA may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm; and the dielectric layer may have a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm. Although this disclosure describes a particular mechanical stack with a particular number of particular layers made of particular materials and having particular thicknesses, this disclosure contemplates any suitable mechanical stack with any suitable number of any suitable layers made of any suitable materials and having any suitable thicknesses. As an example and not by way of limitation, in particular embodiments, a layer of adhesive or dielectric may replace the dielectric layer, second layer of OCA, and air gap described above, with there being no air gap to the display.

One or more portions of the substrate of touch sensor 10 may be made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or another suitable material. This disclosure contemplates any suitable substrate with any suitable portions made of any suitable material. In particular embodiments, the drive or sense electrodes in touch sensor 10 may be made of ITO in whole or in part. In particular embodiments, the drive or sense electrodes in touch sensor 10 may be made of fine lines of metal or other conductive material. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of the conductive material may be copper or copper-based and have a thickness of approximately 5 μm or less and a width of approximately 10 μm or less. As another example, one or more portions of the conductive material may be silver or silver-based and similarly have a thickness of approximately 5 μm or less and a width of approximately 10 μm or less. This disclosure contemplates any suitable electrodes made of any suitable material.

Touch sensor 10 may implement a capacitive form of touch sensing. In a mutual-capacitance implementation, touch sensor 10 may include an array of drive and sense electrodes forming an array of capacitive nodes. A drive electrode and a sense electrode may form a capacitive node. The drive and sense electrodes forming the capacitive node may come near each other, but not make electrical contact with each other. Instead, the drive and sense electrodes may be capacitively coupled to each other across a space between them. A pulsed or alternating voltage applied to the drive electrode (by touch-sensor controller 12) may induce a charge on the sense electrode, and the amount of charge induced may be susceptible to external influence (such as a touch or the proximity of an object). When an object touches or comes within proximity of the capacitive node, a change in capacitance may occur at the capacitive node and touch-sensor controller 12 may measure the change in capacitance. By measuring changes in capacitance throughout the array, touch-sensor controller 12 may determine the position of the touch or proximity within the touch-sensitive area(s) of touch sensor 10.

In a self-capacitance implementation, touch sensor 10 may include an array of electrodes of a single type that may each form a capacitive node. When an object touches or comes within proximity of the capacitive node, a change in self-capacitance may occur at the capacitive node and controller 12 may measure the change in capacitance, for example, as a change in the amount of charge needed to raise the voltage at the capacitive node by a pre-determined amount. As with a mutual-capacitance implementation, by measuring changes in capacitance throughout the array, controller 12 may determine the position of the touch or proximity within the touch-sensitive area(s) of touch sensor 10. This disclosure contemplates any suitable form of capacitive touch sensing, where appropriate.

In particular embodiments, one or more drive electrodes may together form a drive line running horizontally or vertically or in any suitable orientation. Similarly, one or more sense electrodes may together form a sense line running horizontally or vertically or in any suitable orientation. In particular embodiments, drive lines may run substantially perpendicular to sense lines. Herein, reference to a drive line may encompass one or more drive electrodes making up the drive line, and vice versa, where appropriate. Similarly, reference to a sense line may encompass one or more sense electrodes making up the sense line, and vice versa, where appropriate.

Touch sensor 10 may have drive and sense electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a single substrate. In such a configuration, a pair of drive and sense electrodes capacitively coupled to each other across a space between them may form a capacitive node. For a self-capacitance implementation, electrodes of only a single type may be disposed in a pattern on a single substrate. In addition or as an alternative to having drive and sense electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a single substrate, touch sensor 10 may have drive electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of a substrate and sense electrodes disposed in a pattern on another side of the substrate. Moreover, touch sensor 10 may have drive electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of one substrate and sense electrodes disposed in a pattern on one side of another substrate. In such configurations, an intersection of a drive electrode and a sense electrode may form a capacitive node. Such an intersection may be a location where the drive electrode and the sense electrode “cross” or come nearest each other in their respective planes. The drive and sense electrodes do not make electrical contact with each other—instead they are capacitively coupled to each other across a dielectric at the intersection. Although this disclosure describes particular configurations of particular electrodes forming particular nodes, this disclosure contemplates any suitable configuration of any suitable electrodes forming any suitable nodes. Moreover, this disclosure contemplates any suitable electrodes disposed on any suitable number of any suitable substrates in any suitable patterns.

As described above, a change in capacitance at a capacitive node of touch sensor 10 may indicate a touch or proximity input at the position of the capacitive node. Touch-sensor controller 12 may detect and process the change in capacitance to determine the presence and location of the touch or proximity input. Touch-sensor controller 12 may then communicate information about the touch or proximity input to one or more other components (such one or more central processing units (CPUs)) of a device that includes touch sensor 10 and touch-sensor controller 12, which may respond to the touch or proximity input by initiating a function of the device (or an application running on the device). Although this disclosure describes a particular touch-sensor controller having particular functionality with respect to a particular device and a particular touch sensor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable touch-sensor controller having any suitable functionality with respect to any suitable device and any suitable touch sensor.

Touch-sensor controller 12 may be one or more integrated circuits (ICs), such as for example general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices (PLDs) or programmable logic arrays (PLAs), application-specific ICs (ASICs). In particular embodiments, touch-sensor controller 12 comprises analog circuitry, digital logic, and digital non-volatile memory. In particular embodiments, touch-sensor controller 12 is disposed on a flexible printed circuit (FPC) bonded to the substrate of touch sensor 10, as described below. The FPC may be active or passive, where appropriate. In particular embodiments multiple touch-sensor controllers 12 are disposed on the FPC. Touch-sensor controller 12 may include a processor unit, a drive unit, a sense unit, and a storage unit. The drive unit may supply drive signals to the drive electrodes of touch sensor 10. The sense unit may sense charge at the capacitive nodes of touch sensor 10 and provide measurement signals to the processor unit representing capacitances at the capacitive nodes. The processor unit may control the supply of drive signals to the drive electrodes by the drive unit and process measurement signals from the sense unit to detect and process the presence and location of a touch or proximity input within the touch-sensitive area(s) of touch sensor 10. The processor unit may also track changes in the position of a touch or proximity input within the touch-sensitive area(s) of touch sensor 10. The storage unit may store programming for execution by the processor unit, including programming for controlling the drive unit to supply drive signals to the drive electrodes, programming for processing measurement signals from the sense unit, and other suitable programming, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes a particular touch-sensor controller having a particular implementation with particular components, this disclosure contemplates any suitable touch-sensor controller having any suitable implementation with any suitable components.

Tracks 14 of conductive material disposed on the substrate of touch sensor 10 may couple the drive or sense electrodes of touch sensor 10 to connection pads 16, also disposed on the substrate of touch sensor 10. As described below, connection pads 16 facilitate coupling of tracks 14 to touch-sensor controller 12. Tracks 14 may extend into or around (e.g. at the edges of) the touch-sensitive area(s) of touch sensor 10. Particular tracks 14 may provide drive connections for coupling touch-sensor controller 12 to drive electrodes of touch sensor 10, through which the drive unit of touch-sensor controller 12 may supply drive signals to the drive electrodes. Other tracks 14 may provide sense connections for coupling touch-sensor controller 12 to sense electrodes of touch sensor 10, through which the sense unit of touch-sensor controller 12 may sense charge at the capacitive nodes of touch sensor 10. Tracks 14 may be made of fine lines of metal or other conductive material. As an example and not by way of limitation, the conductive material of tracks 14 may be copper or copper-based and have a width of approximately 100 μm or less. As another example, the conductive material of tracks 14 may be silver or silver-based and have a width of approximately 100 μm or less. In particular embodiments, tracks 14 may be made of ITO in whole or in part in addition or as an alternative to fine lines of metal or other conductive material. Although this disclosure describes particular tracks made of particular materials with particular widths, this disclosure contemplates any suitable tracks made of any suitable materials with any suitable widths. In addition to tracks 14, touch sensor 10 may include one or more ground lines terminating at a ground connector (which may be a connection pad 16) at an edge of the substrate of touch sensor 10 (similar to tracks 14).

Connection pads 16 may be located along one or more edges of the substrate, outside the touch-sensitive area(s) of touch sensor 10. As described above, touch-sensor controller 12 may be on an FPC. Connection pads 16 may be made of the same material as tracks 14 and may be bonded to the FPC using an anisotropic conductive film (ACF). Connection 18 may include conductive lines on the FPC coupling touch-sensor controller 12 to connection pads 16, in turn coupling touch-sensor controller 12 to tracks 14 and to the drive or sense electrodes of touch sensor 10. In another embodiment, connection pads 16 may be connected to an electro-mechanical connector (such as a zero insertion force wire-to-board connector); in this embodiment, connection 18 may not need to include an FPC. This disclosure contemplates any suitable connection 18 between touch-sensor controller 12 and touch sensor 10.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example exterior of an example active stylus 20. Active stylus 20 may include one or more components, such as buttons 30 or sliders 32 and 34 integrated with an outer body 22. These external components may provide for interaction between active stylus 20 and a user or between a device and a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, interactions may include communication between active stylus 20 and a device, enabling or altering functionality of active stylus 20 or a device, or providing feedback to or accepting input from one or more users. The device may by any suitable device, such as, for example and without limitation, a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, satellite navigation device, portable media player, portable game console, kiosk computer, point-of-sale device, or other suitable device. Although this disclosure provides specific examples of particular components configured to provide particular interactions, this disclosure contemplates any suitable component configured to provide any suitable interaction. Active stylus 20 may have any suitable dimensions with outer body 22 made of any suitable material or combination of materials, such as, for example and without limitation, plastic or metal. In particular embodiments, exterior components (e.g. 30 or 32) of active stylus 20 may interact with internal components or programming of active stylus 20 or may initiate one or more interactions with one or more devices or other active styluses 20.

As described above, actuating one or more particular components may initiate an interaction between active stylus 20 and a user or between the device and the user. Components of active stylus 20 may include one or more buttons 30 or one or more sliders 32 and 34. As an example and not by way of limitation, buttons 30 or sliders 32 and 34 may be mechanical or capacitive and may function as a roller, trackball, or wheel. As another example, one or more sliders 32 or 34 may function as a vertical slider 34 aligned along a longitudinal axis, while one or more wheel sliders 32 may be aligned along the circumference of active stylus 20. In particular embodiments, capacitive sliders 32 and 34 or buttons 30 may be implemented using one or more touch-sensitive areas. Touch-sensitive areas may have any suitable shape, dimensions, location, or be made from any suitable material. As an example and not by way of limitation, sliders 32 and 34 or buttons 30 may be implemented using areas of flexible mesh formed using lines of conductive material. As another example, sliders 32 and 34 or buttons 30 may be implemented using a FPC.

Active stylus 20 may have one or more components configured to provide feedback to or accepting feedback from a user, such as, for example and without limitation, tactile, visual, or audio feedback. Active stylus 20 may include one or more ridges or grooves 24 on its outer body 22. Ridges or grooves 24 may have any suitable dimensions, have any suitable spacing between ridges or grooves, or be located at any suitable area on outer body 22 of active stylus 20. As an example and not by way of limitation, ridges 24 may enhance a user's grip on outer body 22 of active stylus 20 or provide tactile feedback to or accept tactile input from a user. Active stylus 20 may include one or more audio components 38 capable of transmitting and receiving audio signals. As an example and not by way of limitation, audio component 38 may contain a microphone capable of recording or transmitting one or more users' voices. As another example, audio component 38 may provide an auditory indication of a power status of active stylus 20. Active stylus 20 may include one or more visual feedback components 36, such as a light-emitting diode (LED) indicator. As an example and not by way of limitation, visual feedback component 36 may indicate a power status of active stylus 20 to the user.

One or more modified surface areas 40 may form one or more components on outer body 22 of active stylus 20. Properties of modified surface areas 40 may be different than properties of the remaining surface of outer body 22. As an example and not by way of limitation, modified surface area 40 may be modified to have a different texture, temperature, or electromagnetic characteristic relative to the surface properties of the remainder of outer body 22. Modified surface area 40 may be capable of dynamically altering its properties, for example by using haptic interfaces or rendering techniques. A user may interact with modified surface area 40 to provide any suitable functionally. For example and not by way of limitation, dragging a finger across modified surface area 40 may initiate an interaction, such as data transfer, between active stylus 20 and a device.

One or more components of active stylus 20 may be configured to communicate data between active stylus 20 and the device. For example, active stylus 20 may include one or more tips 26 or nibs. Tip 26 may include one or more electrodes configured to communicate data between active stylus 20 and one or more devices or other active styluses. Tip 26 may be made of any suitable material, such as a conductive material, and have any suitable dimensions, such as, for example, a diameter of 1 mm or less at its terminal end. Active stylus 20 may include one or more ports 28 located at any suitable location on outer body 22 of active stylus 20. Port 28 may be configured to transfer signals or information between active stylus 20 and one or more devices or power sources. Port 28 may transfer signals or information by any suitable technology, such as, for example, by universal serial bus (USB) or Ethernet connections. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular configuration of particular components with particular locations, dimensions, composition and functionality, this disclosure contemplates any suitable configuration of suitable components with any suitable locations, dimensions, composition, and functionality with respect to active stylus 20.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example internal components of example active stylus 20. Active stylus 20 may include one or more internal components, such as a controller 50, sensors 42, memory 44, or power source 48. In particular embodiments, one or more internal components may be configured to provide for interaction between active stylus 20 and a user or between a device and a user. In other particular embodiments, one or more internal components, in conjunction with one or more external components described above, may be configured to provide interaction between active stylus 20 and a user or between a device and a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, interactions may include communication between active stylus 20 and a device, enabling or altering functionality of active stylus 20 or a device, or providing feedback to or accepting input from one or more users.

Controller 50 may be a microcontroller or any other type of processor suitable for controlling the operation of active stylus 20. Controller 50 may be one or more ICs—such as, for example, general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, PLDs, PLAs, or ASICs. Controller 50 may include a processor unit, a drive unit, a sense unit, and a storage unit. The drive unit may supply signals to electrodes of tip 26 through center shaft 41. The drive unit may also supply signals to control or drive sensors 42 or one or more external components of active stylus 20. The sense unit may sense signals received by electrodes of tip 26 through center shaft 41 and provide measurement signals to the processor unit representing input from a device. The sense unit may also sense signals generated by sensors 42 or one or more external components and provide measurement signals to the processor unit representing input from a user. The processor unit may control the supply of signals to the electrodes of tip 26 and process measurement signals from the sense unit to detect and process input from the device. The processor unit may also process measurement signals from sensors 42 or one or more external components. The storage unit may store programming for execution by the processor unit, including programming for controlling the drive unit to supply signals to the electrodes of tip 26, programming for processing measurement signals from the sense unit corresponding to input from the device, programming for processing measurement signals from sensors 42 or external components to initiate a pre-determined function or gesture to be performed by active stylus 20 or the device, and other suitable programming, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, programming executed by controller 50 may electronically filter signals received from the sense unit. Although this disclosure describes a particular controller 50 having a particular implementation with particular components, this disclosure contemplates any suitable controller having any suitable implementation with any suitable components.

In particular embodiments, active stylus 20 may include one or more sensors 42, such as touch sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers, contact sensors, or any other type of sensor that detect or measure data about the environment in which active stylus 20 operates. Sensors 42 may detect and measure one or more characteristic of active stylus 20, such as acceleration or movement, orientation, contact, pressure on outer body 22, force on tip 26, vibration, or any other suitable characteristic of active stylus 20. As an example and not by way of limitation, sensors 42 may be implemented mechanically, electronically, or capacitively. As described above, data detected or measured by sensors 42 communicated to controller 50 may initiate a pre-determined function or gesture to be performed by active stylus 20 or the device. In particular embodiments, data detected or received by sensors 42 may be stored in memory 44. Memory 44 may be any form of memory suitable for storing data in active stylus 20. In other particular embodiments, controller 50 may access data stored in memory 44. As an example and not by way of limitation, memory 44 may store programming for execution by the processor unit of controller 50. As another example, data measured by sensors 42 may be processed by controller 50 and stored in memory 44.

Power source 48 may be any type of stored-energy source, including electrical or chemical-energy sources, suitable for powering the operation of active stylus 20. In particular embodiments, power source 48 may be charged by energy from a user or device. As an example and not by way of limitation, power source 48 may be a rechargeable battery that may be charged by motion induced on active stylus 20. In other particular embodiments, power source 48 of active stylus 20 may provide power to or receive power from the device. As an example and not by way of limitation, power may be inductively transferred between power source 48 and a power source of the device.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example active stylus 20 with an example device 52. Device 52 may have a display (not shown) and a touch sensor with a touch-sensitive area 54. Device 52 display may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), a LED display, a LED-backlight LCD, or other suitable display and may be visible though a cover panel and substrate (and the drive and sense electrodes of the touch sensor disposed on it) of device 52. Although this disclosure describes a particular device display and particular display types, this disclosure contemplates any suitable device display and any suitable display types.

Device 52 electronics may provide the functionality of device 52. As example and not by way of limitation, device 52 electronics may include circuitry or other electronics for wireless communication to or from device 52, execute programming on device 52, generating graphical or other user interfaces (UIs) for device 52 display to display to a user, managing power to device 52 from a battery or other power source, taking still pictures, recording video, other suitable functionality, or any suitable combination of these. Although this disclosure describes particular device electronics providing particular functionality of a particular device, this disclosure contemplates any suitable device electronics providing any suitable functionality of any suitable device.

In particular embodiments, active stylus 20 and device 52 may be synchronized prior to communication of data between active stylus 20 and device 52. As an example and not by way of limitation, active stylus 20 may be synchronized to device through a pre-determined bit sequence transmitted by the touch sensor of device 52. As another example, active stylus 20 may be synchronized to device by processing the drive signal transmitted by drive electrodes of the touch sensor of device 52. Active stylus 20 may interact or communicate with device 52 when active stylus 20 is brought in contact with or in proximity to touch-sensitive area 54 of the touch sensor of device 52. In particular embodiments, interaction between active stylus 20 and device 52 may be capacitive or inductive. As an example and not by way of limitation, when active stylus 20 is brought in contact with or in the proximity of touch-sensitive area 54 of device 52, signals generated by active stylus 20 may influence capacitive nodes of touch-sensitive area of device 52 or vice versa. As another example, a power source of active stylus 20 may be inductively charged through the touch sensor of device 52, or vice versa. Although this disclosure describes particular interactions and communications between active stylus 20 and device 52, this disclosure contemplates any suitable interactions and communications through any suitable means, such as mechanical forces, current, voltage, or electromagnetic fields.

In particular embodiments, measurement signal from the sensors of active stylus 20 may initiate, provide for, or terminate interactions between active stylus 20 and one or more devices 52 or one or more users, as described above. Interaction between active stylus 20 and device 52 may occur when active stylus 20 is contacting or in proximity to device 52. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may perform a gesture or sequence of gestures, such as shaking or inverting active stylus 20, whilst active stylus 20 is hovering above touch-sensitive area 54 of device 52. Active stylus may interact with device 52 based on the gesture performed with active stylus 20 to initiate a pre-determined function, such as authenticating a user associated with active stylus 20 or device 52. Although this disclosure describes particular movements providing particular types of interactions between active stylus 20 and device 52, this disclosure contemplates any suitable movement influencing any suitable interaction in any suitable way.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example active stylus tip 26. Active stylus tip 26 may include one or more electrodes 60, 62, and 64 configured to communicate data between active stylus 20 and one or more devices or other active styluses. Active stylus tip 26 may include further components or functionality not illustrated in FIG. 5, 6, 7, or 8. As an example, active stylus tip 26 may include one or more mechanical switches operable to physically switch the connectivity of one or more electrodes in the tip. As another example, active stylus tip 26 may include logic, including, for example, a multiplexer. As yet another example, active stylus tip may include electric or electronic circuit elements, including, for example, an operational amplifier.

As an example and without limitation, an electrode in active stylus tip 26 may be a ground electrode, a guard electrode, a drive electrode, or a sense electrode. The electrodes in active stylus tip 26 may each be an area of conductive material forming a shape, such as for example a disc, square, rectangle, other suitable shapes, or suitable combination of these. One or more cuts in one or more layers of conductive material may (at least in part) create the shape of an electrode, and the area of the shape may (at least in part) be bounded by those cuts. In particular embodiments, the conductive material of an electrode may occupy approximately 100% of the area of its shape. As an example and not by way of limitation, an electrode may be made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and the ITO of the electrode may occupy approximately 100% of the area of its shape, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, the conductive material of an electrode may occupy substantially less than 100% of the area of its shape. As an example and not by way of limitation, an electrode may be made of fine lines of metal or other conductive material (such as for example copper, silver, or a copper- or silver-based material) and the fine lines of conductive material may occupy substantially less than 100% of the area of its shape in a hatched, mesh, or other suitable patterns. The electrodes in active stylus tip 26 may, in particular embodiments, be disposed on a surface of active stylus tip 26, or in a region in active stylus tip 26. In particular embodiments, the electrodes may be disposed on one or more substrates in active stylus tip 26. As an example, active stylus tip 26 may contain multiple substrates, and each substrate may have one electrode disposed on it. As another example, active stylus tip 26 may contain multiple substrates, and each substrate may have multiple electrodes disposed on it. The substrates may be arranged in any suitable fashion in active stylus tip 26, including having the substrates each be a layer (resting on other substrates or layers) on the surface of active stylus 26. As another example, an electrode may be disposed in (e.g., embedded within) a substrate. Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular electrodes made of particular conductive material forming particular shapes with particular fills having particular patterns, this disclosure contemplates any suitable electrodes made of any suitable conductive material forming any suitable shapes with any suitable fills having any suitable patterns. Where appropriate, the shapes of the electrodes (or other elements) of the active stylus tip 26 may constitute in whole or in part one or more macro-features of the active stylus tip 26. One or more characteristics of the implementation of those shapes (such as, for example, the conductive materials, fills, or patterns within the shapes) may constitute in whole or in part one or more micro-features of the active stylus tip 26. One or more macro-features of an active stylus tip 26 may determine one or more characteristics of its functionality, and one or more micro-features of the active stylus tip 26 may determine one or more optical features of the active stylus tip 26, such as transmittance, refraction, or reflection.

In the example embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5A, active stylus tip 26 contains one or more electrodes, including electrodes 60, 62, and 64. The electrodes are disposed on a surface of active stylus tip 26 and are stacked upon one another on the surface, such that the area comprising electrode 62 sits adjacent to and above electrode 60, and the area comprising electrode 64 sits adjacent to and above electrode 62 on the active stylus tip 26. The electrodes in this embodiment each comprise a horizontal segment of the surface active stylus tip 26. FIG. 5B illustrates an alternate view of the example embodiment of active stylus tip 26 illustrated in FIG. 5A. In FIG. 5B, active stylus tip 26 is viewed head-on, such that each horizontal segment of the tip in FIG. 5A corresponds to a circular or ring-like region in FIG. 5B.

FIG. 6A illustrates another example embodiment of the electrodes in active stylus tip 26. In this example, active stylus tip 26 contains one or more electrodes, including electrodes 160, 162, and 164. In particular embodiments, including the one illustrated in FIG. 6A, one or more of the electrodes in active stylus tip 26 extend along a portion of the length of active stylus tip 26 but do not extend the entire length of active stylus tip 26. In other embodiments, the electrodes in active stylus tip 26 each extend the length of active stylus tip 26. The electrodes in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6A each comprise a vertical segment of active stylus tip 26. FIG. 6B illustrates an alternate view of the example embodiment of active stylus tip 26 illustrated in FIG. 6A. In FIG. 6B, active stylus tip 26 is viewed head-on, such that each vertical segment of the tip in FIG. 6A corresponds to a strip-like region in FIG. 6B. FIG. 6C illustrates yet another embodiment, in which the electrodes (including electrodes 170, 172, and 174) comprise vertical segments of active stylus tip 26 that extend radially outward from the center shaft 41 in active stylus tip 26. FIG. 6D illustrates an alternate view of the example embodiment of active stylus tip 26 illustrated in FIG. 6C. In FIG. 6D, active stylus tip 26 is viewed head-on, such that each vertical segment of the tip in FIG. 6C corresponds to a radial segment in FIG. 6D.

FIG. 7A illustrates yet another example embodiment of the electrodes in active stylus tip 26. In this example, active stylus tip 26 contains one or more electrodes, including electrodes 260, 262, and 264. The embodiment shown in FIG. 7A shows a grid of individual electrodes in active stylus tip 26. The grid is formed from dividing active stylus tip 26 into both horizontal and vertical segments. As such, each electrode, including electrodes 260, 262, and 264, comprises a vertically and horizontally bounded area within active stylus 26. FIG. 7B illustrates an alternate view of the example embodiment of active stylus tip 26 illustrated in FIG. 7A. In FIG. 7B, active stylus tip 26 is viewed head-on, such that each horizontal segment of the tip in FIG. 7A corresponds to a circular or ring-like region in FIG. 7B, and each vertical segment of the tip in FIG. 7A corresponds to a strip-like region in FIG. 7B. FIG. 7C illustrates yet another embodiment in which the electrodes (including electrodes 270, 272, and 274) are arranged in a grid formation. The grid in FIG. 7C is formed from dividing active stylus tip 26 into both horizontal and vertical segments, with each vertical segment extending radially outward from the center shaft 41 in active stylus tip 26. FIG. 7D illustrates an alternate view of the example embodiment of active stylus tip 26 illustrated in FIG. 7C. In FIG. 7D, active stylus tip 26 is viewed head-on, such that each electrode in the grid formation of FIG. 7C corresponds to a portion of a radial segment in FIG. 7D. In particular embodiments, one or more electrodes within the active stylus tip 26 may be surrounded by other electrodes within the active stylus tip 26.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate yet another example embodiment of the electrodes in active stylus tip 26. In this example, active stylus tip contains one or more electrodes, including electrodes 360 and 362. Electrode 362 is surrounded by electrode 360. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B, electrodes 362 and 360 comprise areas approximating a cylinder and a concentric cylindrical ring within active stylus tip 26. If active stylus tip 26 is cut along imaginary plane 66, the cross section of active stylus tip 26 would appear as illustrated in FIG. 8B, approximating a circle and a concentric ring.

Although particular example embodiments of active stylus tip 26 have been described, the multiple electrodes of active stylus tip 26 may be arranged in any configuration or form any shape that is desirable for the operation of active stylus 20. As an example, the electrodes in the active stylus tip 26 may be arranged to create a unique identifying signature for the active stylus 20. In particular embodiments, the active stylus tip 26 may have a nib region, and the electrodes in this nib region may be arranged to achieve a desired result, such as the capability to sense differences in pressure on the nib. As an example, the electrodes in the nib region may be arranged in a staggered pattern to detect variations in pressure. Additionally, in particular embodiments, active stylus tip 26 may be an interchangeable tip.

The multiple electrodes of active stylus tip 26 may each be able to receive signals from or send signals to other components of active stylus 20, a user, or device 52, without limitation. In particular embodiments, including those illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8, the electrodes of active stylus tip 26 may each receive and send signals via center shaft 41. As an example, the electrodes in active stylus tip 26 may each receive signals from controller 50 via center shaft 41. In particular embodiments, a drive unit in controller 50 may supply signals to each of the electrodes in active stylus tip 26 via center shaft 41. The multiple electrodes of active stylus tip 26 may also each send signals to controller 50 via center shaft 41. As an example, the electrodes in active stylus tip 26 may each send signals to a sense unit in controller 50 via center shaft 41. In other embodiments, a processor in controller 50 may control the operation of the electrodes in active stylus tip 26, either via drive or sense units or directly. In particular embodiments, the multiple electrodes of active stylus tip 26 may each be able to receive signals from or send signals to logic (e.g. multiplexer), mechanical switches, electrical or electronic circuits or circuit elements (including, for example, operational amplifiers)

Each of the multiple electrodes in the active stylus tip 26 may be, by way of example and without limitation, a drive electrode, a sense electrode, a guard electrode, or a ground electrode.

Active stylus 20 may receive signals from external sources, including device 52, a user, or another active stylus. Active stylus 20 may encounter noise when receiving signals. As examples, noise may be introduced into the received signals from data quantization, limitations of position-calculation algorithms, bandwidth limitations of measurement hardware, accuracy limitations of analog front ends of devices with which active stylus 20 communicates, the physical layout of the system, sensor noise, charger noise, device noise, stylus circuitry noise, or external noise. The noise external to active stylus 20 is often omnidirectional and may be modeled as white noise, and, in specific cases, Gaussian white noise.

Active stylus 20 may transmit signals based in part on the determination that it received a signal, and not simply noise, from a signal source. As an example, active stylus 20 may determine whether it received a signal from device 52 by comparing the received signal to a signal threshold. If the received signal satisfies the threshold requirement (e.g., meets the minimum value of this signal threshold), active stylus 20 may process the received signal, including, for example, amplifying or phase-shifting the received signal, in order to create a transmit signal to transmit back to device 52. It may be desirable for active stylus 20 to, for example, dynamically adjust the threshold for determining that a received signal contains a signal from device 52, or any other signal source, and not merely noise. As an example, if the signal threshold is too low, active stylus 20 may incorrectly determine that a pure noise signal is actually a signal from device 52, proceed to process the noise signal, and incorrectly transmit a response signal. As another example, if signal threshold is too high, active stylus 20 may incorrectly determine that a signal from device 52 is purely a noise signal and fail to process the received signal and transmit a response signal. The threshold adjustment may be based on some factors.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example embodiment of active stylus 20 in which active stylus 20 is capable of adjusting the threshold by which it determines if a signal, and not merely noise, was received. In particular embodiments, a signal S is received by one or more electrodes capable of sensing signals in active stylus 20. These electrodes may reside on active stylus tip 26. The signal S received by the electrodes in active stylus 20 may then be transmitted from the electrodes to controller 50. In particular embodiments, signal S is transmitted to controller 50 via center shaft 41. Controller 50, as discussed above, may include, without limitation, a drive unit, a sense unit, a storage unit, and a processor unit. The components illustrated in FIG. 9 may reside in controller 50, and in certain embodiments may be a part of the processor unit of controller 50.

In particular embodiments including the one illustrated by FIG. 9, received signal S may be amplified by amplifier 100. Amplifier 100 may be any suitable amplifier, including a digital or an analog amplifier. After the signal S is amplified, it may be filtered by filter 200. Filter 200 may be an analog filter including analog circuit components, such as one or more resistors or capacitors. In other embodiments, filter 200 may be a digital filter, such as a finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter, or a Kalman filter. Filter 200 may be any suitable filter for processing the received signal, including, for example, a filter for noise removal.

Referring to FIG. 9, amplified and/or filtered signal S, denoted S_filter, proceeds to control processor 300. Control processor 300 may be a microcontroller. Control processor 300 includes comparator 310 and processor 320. Comparator 310 may, in particular embodiments, be an analog comparator, including analog circuitry. In other embodiments, comparator 310 may be a digital comparator, and in yet other embodiments, comparator 310 may be a processor. Comparator 310 receives as input S_filter. Comparator 310 then compares S_filter to at least one signal threshold to determine whether S_filter represents noise alone or a received signal in addition to noise. As an example, if S_filter is a voltage, comparator 310 compares S_filter to a voltage threshold value V_th to determine whether S_filter is less than, equal to, or greater than V_th. In this example, if S_filter is equal to or greater than V_th, comparator 310 determines that S_filter contains a signal, and not merely noise, and outputs this determination to processor 320 via output line 330. In particular embodiments, if S_filter meets or exceeds the signal threshold V_th, processor 320 may then output S_filter for further processing by active stylus 20. In addition to having a signal threshold V_th, comparator 310 may also have a threshold for diagnostic purposes. As an example, comparator 310 may have a second threshold, V_diag, with a value different from V_th, and the output of a comparison of S_filter and V_diag is sent to processor 320 via output line 340. In this example, the determination by comparator 310 whether S_filter meets or exceeds signal threshold V_th controls whether or not S_filter is processed further by active stylus 20, and the determination whether S_filter meets or exceeds diagnostic threshold V_diag allows processor 320 to determine future values of V_th or V_diag.

In the example embodiment of FIG. 9, comparator 310 may also output additional data to processor 320. Comparator 310 may analyze S_filter and output any type of information about S_filter to processor 320 via output line 340. As an example, comparator 310 may calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of S_filter and send this information to processor 320. As another example, comparator 310 may determine the amplitude characteristics of S_filter and send this to processor 320. As yet another example, comparator 310 may determine the frequency characteristics of S_filter, including the bandwidth of S_filter, and send this to processor 320. Output line 340 may carry one or more signals containing any type of relevant information about S_filter from comparator 310 to processor 320.

As illustrated in the example embodiment of FIG. 9, processor 320 receives data from comparator 310 via output lines 330 and 340. Processor 320 may adjust threshold V_th or V_diag based on the data received from comparator 310. Additionally, processor 320 may adjust V_th or V_diag based on data received from any other components of active stylus 20, including other parts of controller 50 (such as the sense unit, drive unit, storage unit, or processor unit), memory 44, power source 48, or sensors 42. Processor 320 may send adjusted threshold values of V_th and V_diag to comparator 310 via output line 350. Additionally, processor 320 may send other types of data to comparator 310 via output line 350 or additional output lines, including, for example, SNR cutoff values. Although FIG. 9 illustrates a particular embodiment in which processor 320 receives data from comparator 310, processor 320 may also receive data from or send data to any part of active stylus 20. As an example, processor 320 may receive data regarding known characteristics (such as bandwidth, phase, amplitude, or synchronization patterns) of the signal of interest transmitted by a signal source such as device 52. As another example, processor 320 may receive data regarding the mode in which active stylus 20 is operating (such as, for example, a hover mode).

In particular embodiments, processor 320 may adjust V_th so that V_th is approximately proportional to the SNR of S_filter. As an example, if the SNR of S_filter is high, as may be the case when active stylus 20 is near to a signal source like device 52, processor 320 may adjust V_th upward, so that the new value of V_th is higher than the old value of V_th. This may allow for improved noise rejection by active stylus 20. As another example, if the SNR of S_filter is low or if the amplitude of S_filter is low, as may be the case when active stylus 20 is far from a signal source like device 52, processor 320 may adjust V_th downward, so that the new value of V_th is lower than the old value of V_th. This may allow for improved signal detection by active stylus 20 in low SNR or low amplitude situations.

In other embodiments, if processor 320 determines that comparator 310 is falsely triggering too frequently on S_filter (that is, if comparator 310 too frequently incorrectly determines that S_filter contains a signal when S_filter is purely noise), processor 320 may increase V_th to improve noise rejection. False triggering may occur more frequently in very low SNR situations where the amplitude or frequency characteristics of the noise are comparable to those of the signal. Thus, in particular embodiments, processor 320 may reduce V_th in low SNR situations until some minimum value of V_th is reached (where false triggering occurs too frequently), at which point processor 320 may increase V_th to prevent further false triggering. In other embodiments, processor 320 may reduce V_th in low SNR situations until some minimum SNR value for S_filter is reached (such as, for example, an SNR of 1), at which point processor 320 may increase V_th to prevent further false triggering.

In yet other embodiments, if processor 320 determines that comparator 310 is too frequently incorrectly rejecting S_filter as purely noise, processor 320 may decrease V_th to improve signal detection. Thus, in particular embodiments, processor 320 may increase V_th until some maximum value of V_th is reached (for example, where signal rejection occurs too frequently), at which point processor 320 may decrease V_th to prevent further signal rejection.

Processor 320 may use diagnostic threshold V_diag to determine if active stylus is operating in a low SNR range. For example, if V_th is set to 2 volts, V_diag is set to 1.5 volts, and S_filter is consistently in the range between 1.5 and 2 volts (without meeting or exceeding 2 volts), comparator 310 will reject S_filter as a noise signal. Processor 32, however, may have data indicating that S_filter is not pure noise (based, for example, on known characteristics of the signal transmitted by device 52). Processor 320 may analyze the fact that S_filter meets the diagnostic threshold, V_diag, and not the signal detection threshold, V_th, and determine that active stylus 20 is operating in a low SNR range.

In addition to analyzing current data from comparator 310 and other data sources from active stylus 20, processor 320 may access stored information. As an example, processor 320 may access prior data values received from comparator 310 (such as threshold comparison outputs, SNR of S_filter, or amplitude of S_filter) or other components of active stylus 20 to determine future values of V_th or V_diag. Prior data values accessed by processor 320 may, for example, be stored in processor 320 or in memory 44. Initial or prior values for V_th or V_diag may also be accessed or stored by processor 320.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method for dynamically adjusting a signal detection threshold in active stylus 20. The method may start at step 600, where a first signal is received. With reference again to FIG. 9, in particular embodiments, this step may occur when control processor 300 receives S_filter from filter 200. At step 610, one or more characteristics of the first signal are determined. In particular embodiments, this step may occur in control processor 300, with certain characteristics determined by comparator 310 (including, for example, whether a threshold is met) and certain characteristics determined by processor 320 (including, for example, SNR). In particular embodiments, one of the characteristics determined for the first signal is whether the first signal satisfies the threshold requirement based on the current value of the threshold. This may be determined by comparing the first signal to the current value of the threshold. At step 620, a threshold is adjusted based on the one or more characteristics of the first signal. This may result in the threshold having a new value. In particular embodiments, the steps illustrated in FIG. 10 may be repeated any number of times (e.g., any number of iterations). For example, during a second iteration, a second signal may be received (returning back to step 600). One or more characteristics may be determined for the second signal at step 610. Again, one of the characteristics determined for the second signal is whether the second signal satisfies the threshold requirement based on the current value of the threshold. Note that the current value of the threshold may have been adjusted during the previous iteration. At step 620, the threshold may be adjusted again based on the characteristics of the second signal.

In particular embodiments, processor 320 adjusts signal detection threshold V_th based on data received from comparator 310 and sends adjusted V_th to comparator 310 via output line 350. In this manner, comparator 310, output lines 330 and 340, processor 320, and output line 350 form a feedback loop for controlling the one or more signal thresholds against which S_filter is compared. Particular embodiments may repeat the steps of the method of FIG. 10, where appropriate. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 10 as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 10 occurring in any suitable order. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of FIG. 10, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 10.

In particular embodiments of active stylus 20, the electrodes within active stylus 20 (such as, for example, those electrodes in active stylus tip 26) may be dynamically configured. As an example, the configuration of specific electrodes as drive (or transmit) or sense (or receive) electrodes, or any other suitable type of electrode, may change depending on the operation of active stylus 20. The operation of active stylus 20, without limitation, may include past, present, or future characteristics relevant to the operation of active stylus 20. As examples, the operation of active stylus 20 may include characteristics of active stylus 20, such as the mode (including, for example, hover mode) in which active stylus 20 is, was, or will be operating, or may include characteristics of the environment in which active stylus 20 is, was, or will be operating, such as the noise level. By way of example, if active stylus 20 is operating close to device 52, more electrodes in active stylus tip 26 may be configured as drive electrodes for improved transmission of signals from active stylus 20 to device 52. As another example, if active stylus 20 is operating far from device 52, more electrodes in active stylus tip 26 may be configured as sense electrodes for the sensing of signals from device 52. This may allow for improved SNR of signals received by active stylus 20.

The dynamic configuration of electrode function in active stylus 20 may, in particular embodiments, occur in controller 50. As examples, processor unit, drive unit, sense unit, storage unit, or any combination thereof may dynamically configure the function of the electrodes in active stylus 20. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates controller 50 as carrying out the dynamic configuration of electrode function in active stylus 20, any suitable component of active stylus 20 may perform this configuration. In particular embodiments, the reassignment or configuration of electrodes in active stylus 20 may occur via logic. As an example, a multiplexer in controller 50 may receive input from a processor unit in controller 50 directing the multiplexer as to which electrodes should be drive or sense electrodes. The output of the multiplexer would be sent, either directly or indirectly, to the electrodes in active stylus 20, thereby configuring these electrodes according to controller 50. In some embodiments, this multiplexer may be connected to the drive unit, the sense unit, or both units in the controller 50, rather than directly to electrodes in active stylus tip 26. In other embodiments, the reassignment or configuration of electrodes in active stylus 20 may occur mechanically. For example, when the active stylus 20 is pressed against a device 52, the pressure moves certain electrodes in active stylus tip 26 such that they change from contacting a sense line (leading to controller 50) to contacting a drive line (coming from controller 50). In yet other embodiments, the reassignment or configuration of electrodes in active stylus 20 may occur electrically or electronically using, for example, circuits with operational amplifiers.

Controller 50 may receive inputs from one or more components of active stylus 20 that it uses to determine electrode configuration. In one embodiment, controller 50 may receive input from sensors 42. As an example, controller 50 may receive input from an accelerometer (one of sensors 42); one such input from an accelerometer may be that the stylus is in a titled configuration with respect a device 52. In this example, if stylus is tilted, those electrodes in active stylus tip 26 tilted closer to device 52 will have a stronger coupling with device 52 than those electrodes in active stylus tip 26 on a far side of active stylus 20. Thus, controller 50 may, based on this input from sensors 42, reconfigure more of those electrodes in active stylus tip 26 closer to device 52 to be transmit electrodes and reconfigure more of those electrodes in active stylus tip 26 farther from device 52 to be receive electrodes. This may serve to improve the receive signal SNR at active stylus 20. In other embodiments, controller 50 may receive input from a gyroscope, a vibration detector, an optical sensor, a capacitive sensor, or any other type of sensor in sensors 42.

With reference to FIG. 5A as an example, in particular embodiments, adjacent electrodes may be configured to have different functions. As an example, electrodes 60 and 64 may be configured by controller 50 to be drive (or transmit) electrodes, and electrode 62 may be configured as a ground electrode. As another example, electrode 60 may be configured by controller 50 to be a drive electrode, electrode 64 may be configured as a sense (or receive) electrode, and electrode 62 may be configured as a shield electrode to prevent unwanted coupling between sense electrode 60 and transmit electrode 64. Controller 50 may choose to configure electrode 62 as a shield electrode if, for example, it receives input signals from electrode 60 showing a characteristic ringing due to the transmission from electrode 64.

In other embodiments, controller 50 may configure electrodes in active stylus 20 based on the mode in which active stylus 20 is operating. For example, if active stylus 20 is operating in hover mode, controller 50 may obtain this information from sensor 42, memory 44, (or any other component of active stylus 20) and configure more electrodes in active stylus tip 26 to function as receive electrodes in order to boost the SNR of the signal received by active stylus 20. As another example, if active stylus 20 is operating in a mode where it is directly in contact with device 52, controller 50 may configure more electrodes in stylus tip 26 to operate as transmit electrodes because the SNR of the received signal is likely to be high. Controller 50 may choose to configure a certain percentage of the electrodes of active stylus 20 to be ground, guard, shield, drive, or sense electrodes, as well as any other suitable electrode function.

In yet other embodiments, controller 50 may configure electrodes in active stylus 20 based on the inputs from the electrodes themselves, as well as based on any processed version of these inputs. As an example, if controller 50 determines that the SNR of the signal or signals received by the electrodes in active stylus tip 26 is too low (lower than a preset or dynamic threshold, for example), controller 50 may configure more electrodes of active stylus 20 to be receive electrodes. Similarly, if controller 50 determines that the amplitudes of signals received by electrodes in active stylus tip 26 are too low, it may reconfigure the electrodes in active stylus 20. As a final example, if comparator 310 (discussed above with respect to FIG. 9) is falsely triggering too often, controller 50 may reconfigure more electrodes in active stylus 20 to be receive electrodes. The configuration of electrodes in active stylus 20 may be done in conjunction with any suitable algorithm for active stylus 20, including, for example, dynamic adjustment of receive signal thresholds, as discussed above with respect of FIGS. 9 and 10. Additionally, the configuration of electrodes in active stylus 20 may be done on an ongoing, dynamic basis, such that the current configuration of electrodes provides input to controller 50, which then decides a new configuration of electrodes in active stylus 20 based on the input.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example method for dynamically configuring electrodes in active stylus 20. The method may start at step 1100, where one or more characteristics of active stylus 20 are determined. Examples of such characteristics may include, without limitation, output from electrodes in active stylus tip 26, the mode of operation of active stylus 20, or output from accelerometer or other sensors 42. At step 1110, one or more electrodes in active stylus 20 are configured based on these characteristics. As discussed above, steps 1100 and 1110 may, in particular embodiments, occur in controller 50 and in the communication of signals between controller 50 and electrodes in active stylus tip 26. Additionally, the configuration of an electrode need not result in a change of that electrode's function. That is, if an electrode is presently configured to be a drive electrode, controller 50 may configure the electrode such that it remains a drive electrode. In particular embodiments, the steps illustrated in FIG. 11 may be repeated any number of times (e.g., any number of iterations). For example, during a second iteration, a second set of characteristics of active stylus 20 may be accessed (returning back to step 1100). This second set of characteristics may include the previous configuration of one or more electrodes in active stylus 20. In step 1110 of this second iteration, one or more electrodes in active stylus 20 are configured based on these second characteristics. The new configuration of the one or more electrodes may be the same or different than the previous configuration. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 11 as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 11 occurring in any suitable order. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of FIG. 11, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 11.

Herein, reference to a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium encompasses a semiconductor-based or other integrated circuit (IC) (such, as for example, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific IC (ASIC)), a hard disk, an HDD, a hybrid hard drive (HHD), an optical disc, an optical disc drive (ODD), a magneto-optical disc, a magneto-optical drive, a floppy disk, a floppy disk drive (FDD), magnetic tape, a holographic storage medium, a solid-state drive (SSD), a RAM-drive, a SECURE DIGITAL card, a SECURE DIGITAL drive, or another suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or a combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate.

Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.

This disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Moreover, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: identifying a change in an operating characteristic of a stylus, the stylus being operable to communicate wirelessly with a device through a touch sensor of the device, the stylus comprising one or more electrodes; and in response to the change, dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the stylus further comprises one or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media embodying logic that is operable when executed to dynamically configure the electrodes.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the stylus further comprises mechanical means operable to dynamically configure the electrodes.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the stylus further comprises electrical or electronic means operable to dynamically configure the electrodes.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed comprises configuring the electrode to be operable to transmit signals.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed comprises configuring the electrode to be operable to receive signals.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the stylus comprises a tip; and the one or more electrodes are located in the tip.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating characteristic is an operating mode of the stylus.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating characteristic comprises signals received from: at least one of the one or more electrodes; or a sensor on the stylus.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed comprises configuring the electrode to be operable as a ground or guard electrode.
 11. A system comprising: a device comprising a touch sensor; a stylus, the stylus comprising one or more electrodes; the stylus being operable to: communicate wirelessly with the device through the touch sensor of the device; identify a change in an operating characteristic of the stylus; and in response to the change, dynamically configure an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the stylus further comprises one or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media embodying logic that is operable when executed to dynamically configure the electrodes.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the stylus further comprises mechanical means operable to dynamically configure the electrodes.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the stylus further comprises electrical or electronic means operable to dynamically configure the electrodes.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed comprises configuring the electrode to be operable to transmit signals.
 16. The system of claim 11, wherein dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed comprises configuring the electrode to be operable to receive signals.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein: the stylus comprises a tip; and the one or more electrodes are located in the tip.
 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the operating characteristic is an operating mode of the stylus.
 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the operating characteristic comprises signals received from: at least one of the one or more electrodes; or a sensor on the stylus.
 20. The system of claim 11, wherein dynamically configuring an electrode for the operating characteristic of the stylus as changed comprises configuring the electrode to be operable as a ground or guard electrode. 